torvalds-linux/tools/testing/selftests/net/forwarding

Motivation
==========

One of the nice things about network namespaces is that they allow one
to easily create and test complex environments.

Unfortunately, these namespaces can not be used with actual switching
ASICs, as their ports can not be migrated to other network namespaces
(dev->netns_immutable) and most of them probably do not support the
L1-separation provided by namespaces.

However, a similar kind of flexibility can be achieved by using VRFs and
by looping the switch ports together. For example:

                             br0
                              +
               vrf-h1         |           vrf-h2
                 +        +---+----+        +
                 |        |        |        |
    192.0.2.1/24 +        +        +        + 192.0.2.2/24
               swp1     swp2     swp3     swp4
                 +        +        +        +
                 |        |        |        |
                 +--------+        +--------+

The VRFs act as lightweight namespaces representing hosts connected to
the switch.

This approach for testing switch ASICs has several advantages over the
traditional method that requires multiple physical machines, to name a
few:

1. Only the device under test (DUT) is being tested without noise from
other system.

2. Ability to easily provision complex topologies. Testing bridging
between 4-ports LAGs or 8-way ECMP requires many physical links that are
not always available. With the VRF-based approach one merely needs to
loopback more ports.

These tests are written with switch ASICs in mind, but they can be run
on any Linux box using veth pairs to emulate physical loopbacks.

Guidelines for Writing Tests
============================

o Where possible, reuse an existing topology for different tests instead
  of recreating the same topology.
o Tests that use anything but the most trivial topologies should include
  an ASCII art showing the topology.
o Where possible, IPv6 and IPv4 addresses shall conform to RFC 3849 and
  RFC 5737, respectively.
o Where possible, tests shall be written so that they can be reused by
  multiple topologies and added to lib.sh.
o Checks shall be added to lib.sh for any external dependencies.
o Code shall be checked using ShellCheck [1] prior to submission.

1. https://www.shellcheck.net/

Cleanups
--------

o lib.sh brings in defer.sh (by way of ../lib.sh) by default. Consider
  making use of the defer primitive to schedule automatic cleanups. This
  makes it harder to forget to remove a temporary netdevice, kill a running
  process or perform other cleanup when the test script is interrupted.

o When adding a helper that dirties the environment, but schedules all
  necessary cleanups through defer, consider prefixing it adf_ for
  consistency with lib.sh and ../lib.sh helpers. This serves as an
  immediately visible bit of documentation about the helper API.

o Definitely do the above for any new code in lib.sh, if practical.

Customization
=============

The forwarding selftests framework uses a number of variables that
influence its behavior and tools it invokes, and how it invokes them, in
various ways. A number of these variables can be overridden. The way these
overridable variables are specified is typically one of the following two
syntaxes:

	: "${VARIABLE:=default_value}"
	VARIABLE=${VARIABLE:=default_value}

Any of these variables can be overridden. Notably net/forwarding/lib.sh and
net/lib.sh contain a number of overridable variables.

One way of overriding these variables is through the environment:

	PAUSE_ON_FAIL=yes ./some_test.sh

The variable NETIFS is special. Since it is an array variable, there is no
way to pass it through the environment. Its value can instead be given as
consecutive arguments to the selftest:

	./some_test.sh swp{1..8}

A way to customize variables in a persistent fashion is to create a file
named forwarding.config in this directory. lib.sh sources the file if
present, so it can contain any shell code. Typically it will contain
assignments of variables whose value should be overridden.

forwarding.config.sample is available in the directory as an example of
how forwarding.config might look.